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Holds

Holding patterns, as they are officially known, can be used as a delaying tactic for airborne aircraft, for course reversal, and for gaining altitude prior to crossing terrain in some procedures. Typically holding patterns have a racetrack pattern that can easily be spotted on flight trackers. All holds are made up of segments. The segments are shown in the figure below.

DEFINITIONS

Why Hold?

Holds are always used to delay aircraft near a navigational fix in certain airspace. There are a lot of reasons why airplanes might need to hold. Common examples would be:

  • Bad weather passing over the airport
  • Traffic
  • To gain or lose energy in the plane (altitude or speed)
  • To burn off fuel
  • To reverse the course of the aircraft prior to entering a final approach

Sometimes holds are used because of topographical constraints. Innsbruck-Kranebitten International Airport (LOWI) is an excellent example of such a constraint because it is situated in a valley, as seen in the picture below.

LOWI

Identifying Holds

Aircraft can technically hold at any waypoint if given permission by or requested from ATC in advance. Holds that are published on aviation charts are called published holds. For this guide, we will only consider a published hold. Holds can be identified on charts in 2 different ways, where both options can be applied on the same chart. For example, look at the chart below.

Hold types

Waypoints with published holds can be spotted by a racetrack pattern, or holds can be published and displayed in a diagram in one of the corners of the main navigation section on the chart.

Now that you know where to hold, you should learn how to program the hold. Next, you will need to find information on the chart to enter into the FMS. The primary information you need to have are:

  1. Name of the fix/waypoint
  2. Inbound course
  3. Turning direction
  4. Length of the legs, either in time or distance (see Standards below)
  5. Maximum airspeed (see Standards below)

Standards

There are standards for length of legs and airspeed that must be respected if no other information is present on the chart. The standards are published in Hold Standards.

The inbound course/heading or the reciprocal of the hold is always depicted on the chart.

Hold Examples

Example charts to acquire hold information (click to expand)

HOLD1

Hold information Details
Fix ARNUM
Inbound course 216°
Turning direction Right
Leg distance STD
Max speed STD
Max alt FL140
Min alt (MHA) FL100

NOTE: The altitude constraints of the fix SUGOL are not relevant for the altitude constraints of the hold at SUGOL. The same principle applies to speed restrictions as well.

HOLD2

Hold information Details
Fix SUGOL
Inbound course 110°
Turning direction Right
Leg distance STD
Max speed STD
Max alt FL250
Min alt (MHA) FL70

HOLD3

Hold information Details
Fix OKLAX
Inbound course 149°
Turning direction Left
Leg distance STD
Max speed 210KT
Max alt STD
Min alt (MHA) 8000FT

NOTE: The chart's design makes it confusing what the leg length is for the DVN hold. You could argue that this is 3.4 NM. However, 3.4 is just the length between the D11.0 SPL and the DVN fix and does not influence the hold leg length.

HOLD4

Hold information Details
Fix DVN
Inbound course 053°
Turning direction Right
Leg distance STD
Max speed 210KT
Max alt -
Min alt (MHA) 2900FT

NOTE: Holds at BOTON and PANZE have a minimum hold altitude dictated by the minimum flight altitude of 6000FT of the earlier and following legs.

HOLD5

Hold information Details Details Details
Fix BOTON PANZE CAMRN
Inbound course *049° *049° 041°
Turning direction Right Left Left
Leg distance STD STD STD
Max speed STD STD 210KT
Max alt - - 14000FT
Min alt (MHA) 6000FT 6000FT 6000FT

*The inbound course can be calculated by subtracting or adding 180 to the reciprocal.

HOLD6

Hold information Details
Fix SKENS
Inbound course 274°
Turning direction Right
Leg distance 10NM
Max speed STD
Max alt -
Min alt (MHA) 13000FT

HOLD7

Hold information Details
Fix SNAAG
Inbound course 061°
Turning direction Right
Leg distance 10NM
Max speed STD
Max alt -
Min alt (MHA) -

HOLD8

Hold information Details Details
Fix TIGER BIG
Inbound course 315° 302°
Turning direction Right Right
Leg distance STD STD
Max speed STD STD
Max alt FL240 FL150
Min alt (MHA) FL150 FL70

HOLD9

Hold information Details Details Details
Fix DDM EGN KEA
Inbound course 059° 059° 335°
Turning direction Left Left Right
Leg distance STD STD STD
Max speed 230KT 230KT 230KT
Max alt - - -
Min alt (MHA) 6000FT 4000FT 5000FT

NOTE: The leg length for the CRS hold is presented as a distance from another navigational beacon

HOLD10

Hold information Details
Fix CRS
Inbound course 001°
Turning direction Left
Leg distance Until D34.0 CVO
Max speed STD
Max alt -
Min alt (MHA) FL120

Hold Standards

The Airbus FMS follows ICAO definitions for default holding pattern parameters. The default leg length for a computed hold is:

Altitude (ft MSL) Leg distance
<=14000 1 minute
> 14000 1.5 minutes

The managed speed target in a hold is the lowest of:

  • maximum endurance (approximately "green dot" speed)
  • ICAO speed limit (see table below)
  • speed constraint
  • speed limit, if below speed limit altitude

The ICAO speed limits are as follows:

Altitude (ft MSL) Airspeed (KIAS)
< 14000 230
14000 - 20000 240
20000 - 34000 265
> 34000 .83 Mach

The default turn direction for a computed hold is right, in-line with ICAO specifications.

Programming Holds

Now that all information about the hold is known, it is time to create a hold in the FMS via the MCDU. A
step-by-step guide to hold at SKENS is provided below.

HOLD6

MCDU Setup

MCDU Setup

MCDU

Find the waypoint in the F-PLN page on the MCDU. Select the corresponding line. In this case, the 3rd from the top, SKENS, and push the left line selector key (LSK) for SKENS.

MCDU

In this page, select the 3rd LSK to enter the hold section for the SKENS waypoint.

MCDU

Notice the title of the page is called COMPUTED HOLD at SKENS.

Computed means that this is information provided by the simulator. This information can be wrong and can be edited by overwriting the computed data.

MCDU

As can be seen by the bigger symbols, the inbound course 274 is inserted in the FMS

Note that the title has changed to HOLD, and a REVERT TO COMPUTED appeared. REVERT TO COMPUTED will restore all hold settings and revert to the computed hold settings.

MCDU

As can be seen in the chart, the hold has a leg length of 10NM. To enter this in the FMS type /10 in the MCDU and select LSK3 to feed it in the TIME/DIST box. The time needed to complete the leg is also re-calculated and is 3.3 minutes in this case.

If leg distance is constrained by time (as it is for a standard hold), this can be set by typing for example 1.5 in the MCDU and feeding it in the TIME/DIST box. Also, the leg distance will automatically be re-calculated.

HOLD6

Not yet implemented

MCDU

In the bottom section of the MCDU screen, 'LAST EXIT' can be found. The section compromises a UTC and FUEL reading. Last exit gives information on how long the airplane can safely stay in the hold while still having the fuel for the rest of the approach, to go around, divert and the final reserve fuel. The UTC and FUEL will give you the time and minimum fuel needed when leaving the hold.

MCDU

If the inbound course, turning direction and leg distance are set correctly, press the 6th LSK on the right to insert the hold into the Flight plan.

Notice the white curved arrow in the ND. In this case, it is turned to the right; however, the arrow would turn left if left-hand turns were selected for the hold. Also, notice how the hold waypoint now appears for an additional time in the flight plan. This is needed for the FMS to calculate a good exit path when leaving the hold.

Depending on the angle between the aircraft and the inbound course of the hold, aircraft need to fly different entry patterns. The A320 will automatically fly the correct entry pattern.

MCDU

As soon as the aircraft is heading to the waypoint with the hold programmed, the hold will be calculated and completely shown on the ND. IMM EXIT* will also appear on the MCDU.

MCDU

The FMS calculates the holding speed in accordance with Hold Standards to acheive the lowest possible fuel consumption, except in approach phase where the "characteristic" speed for the current configuration is used. A deceleration point is calculated giving enough distance before the hold fix to slow down to the holding speed. From this point IMM EXIT becomes available on the F-PLN page, and pressing it prior to actually reaching the hold fix will cause deletion of the hold. If speed is managed the deceleration will begin automatically; if speed is selected a SET HOLD SPEED prompt will appear, prompting the pilot to set their desired holding speed, or to engage managed speed.

Also, the F-PLN page on the MCDU will continue to show IMM EXIT*. This is needed when leaving the hold.

Descending in the Hold

Managed descent mode (DES) in the hold will limit the descent rate to a maximum of -1000 ft/min for traffic separation purposes. Open descent (OP DES) will descend at idle thrust as normal.

The TCAS system should remain on TA/RA when flying in the hold. However, it might be convenient to switch to ALL or BLW.

Leaving the Hold

The plane will continue to fly in the hold until a pilot gives the command to the FMS to leave by either activating a direct to (DIR TO), or pressing the IMM EXIT prompt on the F-PLN page. During the hold, and prior to the hold after crossing the deceleration point, the F-PLN page will display IMM EXIT prompt in amber. The pilot may press the right LSK next to IMM EXIT to leave the hold. The aircraft will shorten the hold as much as possible, fly around until reaching the hold fix, and then exit, continuing with the subsequent flight plan. At any time prior to reaching the hold fix the RESUME HOLD prompt may be used to re-enable the hold.

Hold Modes

Video Tutorial by 320 Sim Pilot


Last update: February 19, 2023